Tophel or Bust!
Abstract for Parashat Devarim Essay:
The Torah relates that Moses spoke with the Israelites "between Paran and between Tofel and Lavan," despite the latter two never having been mentioned in all the forty-two encampments of the nation in the Sinai. This article examines the depth of the word Tofel, along with its connection to the word ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช โ nonsense and vanity, as well as it's relationship with the white (lavan) manna eaten by our forefathers in the desert.
ืึตืึผึถื ืึทืึผึฐืึธืจึดืื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึผึดืึผึถืจ ืึนืฉืึถื ืึถื ืึผึธื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืจ ืึทืึผึทืจึฐืึผึตื ืึผึทืึผึดืึฐืึผึธืจ ืึผึธืขึฒืจึธืึธื ืืึนื ืกืึผืฃ ืึผึตืื ืคึผึธืืจึธื ืึผืึตืื ืชึผึนืคึถื ืึฐืึธืึธื ืึทืึฒืฆึตืจึนืช ืึฐืึดื ืึธืึธื (ืืืจืื ื:ื).
These are the words which Moses spoke to all Israel on the other side of the Jordan in the wilderness, concerning the Arabah, opposite the Red Sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Lavan, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab (Deut. 1:1).
Our Sages noted that there is no place called Tophel or Lavan in any of the accounts of the Israelitesโ journeys in the desert: Deut. Rabba 1:91[1] - โRโ Shimon bar Yochai (Rashbi) said: I have reviewed all 42 travels (in the desert) but have found no place called Tophel.โ Rather, the Sages explained this place-name homiletically as ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช (ostensibly, โidle complaintsโ), which the Jews directed against the manna. The Midrash continues: โWhat is Tophel? It is a term that refers to words of ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช which the Jews directed against the manna. The manna itself was called โLavanโ (white), as Scripture states: And the manna was as coriander seed, and its color as the color of crystal (Num. 11:7).โ[2] A similar homily is found in the Sifrei (Deut., Piska 1): โWords of ืชึผึดืคึฐืึผืึนืช which they directed at the manna, and thus does Scripture state: ๏ปฟand our soul loathes this insubstantial bread (Num. 21:5).โ[3]
The proof-text cited by the Sifrei from Num. 21:5 (our soul loathes), clearly demonstrates the "idle complaining" of the Israelites. By contrast, the verse quoted by R' Shimon bar Yochai (Num. 11:7) in the Midrash Rabba, while alluding to the color of the manna, does not appear to indicate any such grumbling. If the Midrashโs intent is to highlight the upcoming verse: ๏ปฟThen Moses heard the people weep throughout their families (Num. 11:10) โ then why not cite it directly? Why reference a description of the manna, whose white color had in any case been more directly described previously (see. Ex. 16:31)? We will return to this question later in the article.
We must first seek to understand the meaning of the Rabbinic usage of the word ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช. Most Rabbinic grammarians consider the root of the Biblical ืชึผึดืคึฐืึธื to be ืชืคื,[4] which is explained with various adjectives such as bland, futile, unstable, incomplete, uncooked, inferior, blemished. [5] Others relate ืชืคื to [6]ืืคื, which means connecting / appending[7] in Scripture.[8]
We find similar uses of the word ืชืคืืืช in the Talmudic vernacular as well, such as: A. Futile.[9] B. Lame excuses.[10] C. Bland[11] (in line with the literal meaning of this root in the Scripture).[12]
Similarly, the commentary Meโat Tzari on Targum Onkelus (Deut. 1:1) explains that the two essential meanings of the root ืชืคื (tasteless / spurious and appended / attached) can be merged into one: By saying baseless things about the manna, they โaffixedโ non-existent defects to it.[13]
However, we find an additional - and very different - meaning in Chazalโs vernacular as well, namely incest and immorality: Sota 3:4 - โRโ Eliezer says anyone who teaches his daughter Torah is as if he taught her ืชืคืืืชโ; Bartenura (ibid.) - โAs if he taught her ืชืคืืืช โ connection and intercourse with menโ; Pesachim 91a - โWe do not make groups [for eating the Paschal Offering comprised of] women and slavesโฆ because of ืชืคืืืชโ; Rashi (there) - โืชืคืืืช - sinโ;[14] Ex. Rabba 5:1 - โOur Rabbis said that all kisses are considered ืชืคืืืช, except for threeโฆโ; Matnot Kehunah (there) - โืชืคืืืช โ licentiousness and vanityโ; Lev. Rabba 5:3- โIf the anointed Kohen sins (Lev. 4:3)โฆ about this the Scripture says: When He grants serenity, who can cause turmoil? (Job 34:29) and Woe unto the serene people in Zion (Amos 6:1) - the nations of the world, when they settle peacefully, they eat and drink and get drunk and engage in ืชืคืืืชโ; Tosefta Avoda Zara 4:2 - โRebbi says: โI say that we export wine to Syria because it lessens the ืชืคืืืชโ.โ
This word is also used in reference to legitimate marital relations as well: Tanna Devei Eliyahu Rabba 16 - โTo a woman in her state of menstruationโฆ (Lev. 18:19) - One might think he can hug her or kiss her or speak to her words of ืชืคืืืช, the Scripture thus says do not approach (there). Ketubot 62b - โA woman wants a kav [measurement of grain] and ืชืคืืืช, rather than ten kav and abstinence.โ
What is the source of this dissimilar, non-Biblical meaning of ืชืคื? If it is meant to allude to the uselessness of sexual immorality, a thousand other futile behaviors could just as easily have been included as meanings of the word. Furthermore, this usage is found in the Rabbinic literature as many times as all the other meanings of the word combined, all pointing to a deeper meaning and connection.[15]
We opened with a Midrashic exposition of the words Tophel and Lavan, in which Tophel was homiletically interpreted as ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช, and we asked why the Midrash Rabba quoted Rโ Shimon bar Yochai as using a different proof-text from that cited by the Sifrei, whose reference appears much more directly connected to the grumblings about the manna. Moreover, the verse Rโ Shimon bar Yochai cited in Midrash Rabba does not even explicitly mention them complaining about the manna! One thing at least seems clear both in the Midrash Rabba and the Sifrei: the word ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช here simply means useless, lame complaining.
Or does it? In Numbers 11:7-10, the Torah tells us that the Israelites cried about the manna, as follows: And the manna was as coriander seed, and its color as the color of crystal. And the people went about, and gathered itโฆ And when the dew fell upon the camp in the night, the manna fell upon it. Then Moses heard the people weep throughout their families.[16] The Talmud (Yoma 75a) however, expounds this verse differently: " And Moses heard the people weeping for their families - because of family matters [i.e. relationships] with whom they were forbidden to have marital relationsโ[17] (see also Sifrei Zuta 11:10[18]). Now, what does this verse, which clearly refers to crying about the manna, have to do with incest?
The answer may be hinted to in the Zohar, as follows. As quoted above, the Torah describes the manna as resembling coriander seed, the word for coriander being ืื. The Tikunei Zohar (Tikun 20-21, p. 54a) associates ืื with ืืื (the [male reproductive] organ). The โwhiteโ ( ืืื- โlavanโ in Hebrew) refers to manโs seed - the purveyor of the soul - which is called ืืื ื (dove) in Kabbalah.[19] The first letter f that word, YOD (ื) creates the conduit through which life emanates. The narrative concludes by saying that this YOD is the โholy seedโ which transforms the ืื into the holy, life-giving ืืื.[20] In short, the description of the manna is an allusion to the holy conjugal standards expected of the Israelites.
We suggest that the Israelites (called the โGeneration of Understandingโ) immediately understood this hint alluded to by the manna. They understood the great good and benevolence which He bestows to mankind that the manna represented, but they also realized that the price would be abstinence from forbidden relationships - and this was the underlying source of their complaint, their ืชึดึผืคึฐืืึผืช. [21]
Now, we can resolve the difficultly we noted about Rโ Shimon bar Yochai's explanation in the Midrash Rabba. Who better than Rashbi - the author of the Zohar โ would understand the profound lesson of the manna and thus the real source of the Israelitesโ complaints and frustations? For this reason, no other verse than the mannaโs description as ืืืื ืืจืข ืื needed to be cited, for these words represented the basis and quintessence of the Holy Nation, a concept the nascent Israelites had not yet grown to fully appreciate.
May we dedicate our energies to transforming the useless ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช [complaints] into holy ืชืคืืืืช [prayers] and ] ืชืคืืืืphylacteries]. May we live up to the lofty lessons of the manna, and merit to appreciate the Infinite Good that it represents, which G-d always bestows on us. Amen.
[1] [ืืื' ืืืืจืื]. ืืืจืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืจืฉ"ื (ืื' ื:ื) ืืฉ"ื . ืืข' ืชืจืืื ืืื ืงืืืก ืืื. [2] ืืืจืื ืจืื ื:ื - ืจืฉื"ื ืื' ืืืจืชื ืขื ื"ื ืืกืขืืช ืืื ืืฆืืชื ืืงืื ืฉืฉืื ืชืืคื. ืืื, ืืจืฉื ืืืื ืฉืึถืจึธืึทื ืืืชืื ืึท"ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช" ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืื, ืฉืืื ืืื: ืืืื ืชืืคื? ืืืจืื ืฉื ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช ืฉืืืฆืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ: ืึฐืึทืึผึธื ืึผึดืึฐืจึทืข ืึผึทื ืืึผื (ืืืืืจ ืื:ื). [3] ืกืคืจื ืคืจืฉืช ืืืจืื ืคืืกืงื ื - [ืืืื ืชืคื ืืืื] ืืืจื ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช ืฉืชืคืื ืขื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ: ืึฐื ึทืคึฐืฉืึตื ืึผ ืงึธืฆึธื ืึผึทืึผึถืึถื ืึทืงึผึฐืึนืงึตื (ืื' ืื:ื). [4] ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืกืจืืง, ืฉืืืจ ืืืชื ืืขืจื 'ืคื' (ืืืืืงืช "ืื ื ืคื ืื ืื ืืื", ืืืื ื ืคืืืช, ืืจืื). ืืืขื ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืฉืืืืืงืช ืืคืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืคืจืฉืื ืืขื ืื "ืชืคืืื" / "ืชืคืืืื", ืฉืืืจื ืืขืจืื ืืข' 'ืชืคื', ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืื 'ืคืื'. ืจืื ืชืฉืื ืขืจื 'ืชืคืืืื', ืืจ' ืืืจ ืืฉืจืื (ืืื ืกื, ืชืฉืก"ื ืกืืื ืื). ืืืขื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื 'ืชืคื' ื"ืชืคืืื", ืจืื ืงืืืฉืช ืืื ืืืืืืจ (ืฉื"ืฉ ืืฃ ืื). [5] ืืืืืื: ืืืื ื:ืื - ืึนื ืึธืึธื ืึดืึผืึนื ืึฐืึนื ื ึธืชึทื ืชึผึดืคึฐืึธื ืึตืืึนืึดืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืชืคืื - ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืฅ ืืชืคืืืช ื ืชื ืขื ืืงื"ื, ืืื: ืึผืึดื ึฐืึดืืึตื ืฉืึนืึฐืจืึนื ืจึธืึดืืชึดื ืชึดืคึฐืึธื (ืืจ' ืื:ืื); ืจื"ืง (ืฉืจืฉืื) - ืืืจ ืืจืืขื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขื; ืืฆ"ืฆ - ืชืคืื - ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืจืืข ืฉืืื ืื ืืขื, ืืื: ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืจืืืชื ืชืคืื (ืืจ' ืื). ืืืื ื:ื - ืึฒืึตืึธืึตื ืชึผึธืคึตื ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ืึถืึทื; ืจื"ืง (ืฉืจืฉืื) - ืคืืจืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืื ืื, ืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืื; ืืฆ"ืฆ - ืชืคื - ืขื ืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืงื ืื ืฆืจืื, ืืื: ืืืื ืืืชื ืชืคื (ืืื' ืื). ืืืื ืื:ืื - ืึถืึฑืืึนืงึผึท ืึนื ืึธืฉืึดืื ืชึผึดืคึฐืึธื; ืจื"ืง (ืฉืจืฉืื) - ืืืจ ืืจืืขื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขื. ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืืืง ืื ืืฉืื ืชืคืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืจืขืื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืฉืืื. ืืืืงืื ืื:ื - ืึฐืึดื ึผึธื ืึธืึดืื ืึนืชืึน ืชึผึธืคึตื; ืจื"ืง (ืฉืจืฉืื) - ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื. ืืืืจ ืื ืืชืจืืื ืืฉืขืข ืืื ืืื ืคืชืืจ ืืื ืชืื; ืืฆ"ืฆ - ืชืคื - ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืชืืงื ืื ืฆืจืื ืงืจืื ืชืคื, ืืื: ืืืืื ืชืคื ืืืื ืืื (ืืืื ื:ื)[5]. ืืืื ื:ืื - ื ึฐืึดืืึทืึดืึฐ ืึธืืึผ ืึธืึฐ ืฉืึธืึฐื ืึฐืชึธืคึตื; ืจื"ืง (ืฉืจืฉืื) - ืืืจ ืืจืืขื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขื. ืืจืืืื ืื:ืื - ืึผืึดื ึฐืึดืืึตื ืฉืึนืึฐืจืึนื ืจึธืึดืืชึดื ืชึดืคึฐืึธื ืึดื ึผึทืึผึฐืืึผ ืึทืึผึทืขึทื ืึทืึผึทืชึฐืขืึผ ืึถืช ืขึทืึผึดื ืึถืช ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื; ืจื"ืง - ืชืคืื - ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืคื (ืืืื ื:ืื). ืืื ื ืชื ืชืคืื (ืืืื ื:ืื). ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืจืืข ืฉืืื ืื ืืขื. [6] ืืืืืืฃ ืืืชืืืช ืืืื "ืช. ืจืื ืืขื ืฆืจื ืขื ืืชืจืืื (ืื' ื:ื), ืืืืื ืืืื. [7] ืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืื (ื ืฆืืื, ืชืจืข"ื) ืฉืงืืฉืจ 'ืชืคื' ืืฉืจืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืืจ: 'ืคืชื' ("ืคืชืื ืฆืืื", "ื ืคืชืืชื"), ืืืืืืฃ ืืืงืื ืืืชืืืช ('ืชืคื'-'ืคืชื'). ืืจืื ืจืฉ"ื (ืืจ' ื:ื) ืฉืงืืฉืจ ืืืจื ืืืจืช. [8] ืืืื: ืชื' ืงืื:ืกื - ืึธืคึฐืืึผ ืขึธืึทื ืฉืึถืงึถืจ ืึตืึดืื; ืืฆ"ืฆ - ืืคืื - ืขื ืื ืืืืจ, ืืื: ืึทืชึผึดืึฐืคึผึนื ืขึทื ืขึฒืึนื ึดื (ืืืื ืื:ืื). ืืืืื "ืขืืงืจ ืืืคื" ืืืฉืื ืื"ื, ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉื ืชืืืจ ืื ืกืคื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืกื ืืขืฆืื, ืืื: ืืจืืืช ืื: - ืื ืฉืืื ืขืืงืจ ืืขืื ืืคืื - ืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืืืจ ืืช ืืืคืื. [9] ืชืืกืคืชื ืืจืืืช ื:ืื - ืืฉ ืืืจืื ืฉืื ืชืคืืืช ืชืืคืื ืืืฉ ืืืจืกืื "ืฉืื" ืืืงืื "ืชืืคืื". ืืืฆื ืื ืก ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืจืฆืื ืฉืืืื ืืืชืื. ืืืจืืืช ืื: - ืฉืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืกืืืจื ืืื, ืืืืจ: ืื ืงืจืข ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืคื ืฉืื - ืืื ื ืืื ืงืจืข ืฉื ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช. ืคื ื ืืฉื (ืืจืืฉ' ื"ืง ื:ื) - ืงืจืข ืฉื ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช - ืืื ืืืื ืืื. [10] ืชืืกืคืชื ืกืืื ื:ื - ืืจืฉ ืจืื ืขืงืืื ืืฆืื ืืืงืจ ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืื (ืื' ืื:ืื)... ืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืขื ืชืืคืืชื; ืื ืชืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืกื, ืืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืงื ืืงืฉื ื ืื ื; ืืืจ ืืจืื ืื' ืื:ืื - ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืื: ืฉืืืจ ืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืคื, ืฉืืฃ ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชืืืืชื, ืืืื ืืืคืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืื ื ืืขืืืืืช. [11] ื ืื ืกื: - ืฉืืขื ืกืื ืื ืืขืืืจืื ืขื ืืืชื: ืจืืง ืชืคื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืจืืง ืชืคื - ืืงืื ืืคืจืฉ ืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชืคื ืืื ืืขื. ืฉืืช ืงืื. - ืืืชืืจ: ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉืืช; ืืฉืจ ืชืคื, ืจื ืืื ื ืืืจ: ืืืชืจ ืืืืืื, ืจื ืืกืื ืืืจ: ืืกืืจ ืืืืืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืืฉืจ ืชืคื - ืฉืืื ื ืืืื. [12] ืืืื ื ืจืง ืืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื "ืื ืืชืืงื" (ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืงืฆืช ืืืคืจืฉืื ืื "ื) ืืกืคืจืืช ืื"ื. [13] ืืขื ืฆืจื ืืืจืื ื:ื - ืืชืคืื - ืืชืื ืืกืคืจื "ืฉืชืคืื ืืืจื ืชึผึดืคึฐืืึผืช ืขื ืืื". ืื ืจืื ืฉืคืืจืฉ ืืกืคืจื "ืชืคื" ืืฉืชื ืืจืืื. ืืืืช: ืฉืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืขื, ืืืฉืื ืืืชืื: ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืคื (ืืืื ื:ืื). ืืขืื ืคืืจืฉื ืชืคื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืคื, ืืืฉื"ื: ืืคืื ืขืื ืฉืงืจ (ืชืืืื ืงืื:ืกื), ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื ื: ืื ืืคื ืืขืืฉื ืืฆืื (ืืืืช ื:) - ืฉืืืืืงื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื. [14] ืจืฉ"ื ื ืืงื ืฉื ืืืื "ืขืืืจื", ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืฉืื ื ืื"ื, ืืืื: ืืืืื ืื. - ืืืื ืื ืงืืจืื ืืขืจืืืช; ืจืฉ"ื - ืงืืจืื ืืขืจืืืช - ืฉืื ืฉืืฉ ืขืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืคืจืืฉ ืืื... ืฉืืขืจืืืช ืขืืืจื ืืฆืืื. ืืืื ืกื: - ืืืืื ืืขืช ืจืฆืื ืืื ื ืืขื ืจืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืขืืืจื [ื ืืงืฉ ืจืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจ ืืขืจืืืช]. ืืขื ืจืืื ืืืืกืจ ืืืืืืื... ื ืืขื ืคืืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืืืขื ืคืืื - ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ืขืืืจื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืชืืืข ืขืจืืืช. ืจืฉ"ื ืกื ืื' ืง: - ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืืจื - ื ืืืืฃ, ืืจื ืื ืื ืืฆืืฅ ืืืขืืจ ืืืืช. [15] ื ืจืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืจืข"ื ืื "ื ืืจืืืฉ ืืงืืฉื ืืื ืืจืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืคืืจืืฉื: "ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืื". ืืจื ืืืื "ืืืืจ" ืืื ืืืืชืจืช, ืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืืืชื ื'ืชืคื'/'ืืคื' ืืืืจืืช ืืืืจ, ืื "ื. ืืืื ืขื"ื, ืขืืืื ืจืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืฉืืขืืืืช ืืืงืืจืืืช. [16] ืื' ืื:ื-ื - ืึฐืึทืึผึธื ืึผึดืึฐืจึทืข ืึผึทื ืืึผื ืึฐืขึตืื ืึน ืึผึฐืขึตืื ืึทืึผึฐืึนืึทื... ืฉืึธืืึผ ืึธืขึธื ืึฐืึธืงึฐืืึผ ืึฐืึธืึฒื ืึผ ืึธืจึตืึทืึดื... ืึธืึฐืึธื ืึตืจึตื ืึทืึผึธื ืขึธืึธืื... ืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืึทืข ืึนืฉืึถื ืึถืช ืึธืขึธื ืึผึนืึถื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐืึนืชึธืื. [17] ืืืื ืขื. - ืึผึนืึถื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐืึนืชึธืื - ืขื ืขืกืงื ืืฉืคืืืชืื ืฉื ืืกืจื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืฆืื. [18] ืกืคืจื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื:ื - ืืืฉืืข ืืฉื ืืช ืืขื ืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืชืื, ืจ' ื ืืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืคืจืืฉ ืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืชื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืคืจืืฉ ืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืชืจืขืืื. ืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืชืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืคืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืจืืื. [19] ืจืื ืืืจ ื:ืงืฆื,ื. [20] ืชืง"ื ืช' ืขืฉืจืื ืืื ืืขืฉืจืื (ืืฃ ื ื.) - ืงื ืกืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื [ืงื ืืงื ืืืืจ ืืฆื] ืคืชื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืข ืื ืืื... ืืืจืข ืื - ืื ืืื ื [ืืื "ืืื ื", ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืงืจืืช ืืื ื. ืืืช (ืื' ืืืืช ืฉื "ืืื ื")]... ืืคื ืืืืจืชื ืืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืื [ืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืฉืชืืืช "ืื"] ืืืชืืืื ืืื [ืื ืขืฉืืช "ืืื"]. ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืจืขื ืืืืื ืื"ื ืืืืื ืืคื ืงืืืฉื [ืืขื ืื ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืื ื', ืฉืืื ืืคื ืงืืืฉื. ืข"ื ืืฉืื ืืชืง"ื]. [21] ืืฉ ืืฆืืื ืชืืื ืืืืก ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขื ืืืื ืืฆืืืช ืืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืช ืืืจื ืื"ื ืืืืืืื ืืจืฉ"ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืจืฉ ืคืืืื. ืืืฉืจื ืชืืืื ืืจื, ืืืจ ืืืืืจ.