Article abstract:
Parashat Vayigash relates the emotional scene of Joseph reveals his true identity to his brothers. With emotions often comes crying - ืืื in Hebrew, and this word appears seven times in this week's portion, more than in any other weekly portion. In the article we examine this word by comparing it to other words containing the two core letters ืื, in an attempt to understand the depth of the word and what "crying" actually means in the Torah's view.
May all of our tears be only tears of joy and celebration!
ืึทืึฐืึทืึตืจ ืืึนืกึตืฃ ืึผึดื ื ึดืึฐืึฐืจืึผ ืจึทืึฒืึธืื ืึถื ืึธืึดืื ืึทืึฐืึทืงึผึตืฉื ืึดืึฐืึผืึนืช ืึทืึผึธืึนื ืึทืึทืึฐืจึธื ืึทืึผึตืึฐืึผึฐ ืฉืึธืึผึธื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื:ื).
Joseph rushed because his compassion for his brother had been stirred, and he wanted [ืึดืึฐืึผืึนืช] to weep; so he went into the room and wept [ืึทืึผึตืึฐืึผึฐ] there (Gen. 43: 30).
According to Radak, the root of the two words for crying in this passage is ืืื (weeping / confusion). Derivatives of this root appear seven times in Parashat Vayigash - more than in any other weekly Torah reading.
Machberet Menachem maintains that the root of this word is actually the two-letter root ืื, and he divides the Scriptural verses derived from this root into two subsections in his entry for ืื. The first subsection includes verses denoting quandary or bewilderment (in Menachem's terminology, ืื ืขื [understood as agitation, turmoil as we shall explain below]). The second of the two subsections in entry ืื contains verses that crying. The following are the two subsections of ืื:
1. From the tumultuous depths [ืึดืึผึฐืึดื], He fashioned rivers;[1]Have you entered the ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื?;[2] Those who pass through the Valley of Thorns [ืึทืึผึธืึธื];[3] herds of cattle are bewildered [ื ึธืึนืืึผ];[4] and the city of Shushan was bewildered [ื ึธืืึนืึธื];[5] now will be their bewilderment [ืึฐืืึผืึธืชึธื];[6] they will become bewildered [ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึผ] by the intensity of the smoke [7]- These are all matters of ืื ืขื.
2. Wailing, bitter crying [ืึผึฐืึดื];[8] She prayed to God, weeping continuously [ืึผืึธืึนื ืชึดืึฐืึผึถื];[9] and his father cried [ืึทืึผึตืึฐืึผึฐ] him;[10] you will not have to weep [ืึผึธืืึน ืึนื ืชึดืึฐืึผึถื].[11]
Following his usual practice, Menachem does not allude to any logical link between the two subcategories, or even whether such a connection exists. On the other hand, his decision to assign a given verse to a specific subcategory serves as a manner of interpretation of that passage, as evidenced from the hundreds of examples in which Rashi explains the meaning of a verse by the simple statement that โMenachem linkedโ a given expression to a particular subcategory. Here, Menachem himself made clear that the verses in the first subcategory all share the general meaning of ืื ืขื; but what exactly is meant by ืื ืขื in this context?
In the words of the Sages, ืื ืขื means a state of mind bordering on insanity, as in: Ex. 20:15 - The people saw and trembled [ืึทืึผึธื ึปืขืึผ] and stood from afar; Mechilta of Rashbi, Ex. 20:15 - โThe only meaning of ื ืืขื is ืืืจืืฃ (insanity), as in: the land will totter [ืชึผึธื ืึผืขึท] like a drunkard (Isa. 24:20), and: and his heart shuddered [ืึทืึผึธื ึทืข], and the heart of his people, like the shuddering [ืึผึฐื ืึนืขึท] of the trees of the forest in the wind (Isa. 7:2).โ[12]
According to this, the verse: Those who pass through the Valley of Thorns [ืึทืึผึธืึธื], which Menachem placed in the subcategory that expresses ืื ืขื, is to be understood as: Those who pass through the Valley of Bewilderment and Confusion.[13]
As noted, Rashi mentions Machberet Menachem hundreds of times in his commentaries, and it is uncommon to find an instance in which Rashi disagrees with his interpretation. Therefore, it is particularly surprising to find that in this case, Rashi differs with Menachem's interpretation in two of the verses that he assigned to the subsection of quandary / bewilderment:
1. In Ps. 84:7, Rashi interprets ืขึนืึฐืจึตื ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื as: โThose who transgress Your laws and are in the depth of Hell, weeping[14] and howling.โ[15]
2. In Job 28:11, Rashi interprets ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช ืึดืึผึตืฉื as: โAt the time of Creation, when the lower waters wept[16]; ืืื is similar [in meaning] toื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื (Job 38:16).โ[17]
Note that Rashi, in his interpretation of the second verse, citesื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื from later in Job (38:16), but if his intent is to explainืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช ืึดืึผึตืฉื as crying, an apparent contradiction would seem to arise in Rashi's own commentary, because in interpreting Job 38:16 itself, he defines ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื as quandary and not crying![18]
Also, in Rashi's explanation of the word ื ึฐืึปืึดืื in Ex. 14:3, which he explains as quandary, he again brings ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื as a support, adding the terms imprisoned and sunk in.[19]
Moreover, Rashi explained both ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื and ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช in their places as meaning crying, which seemingly contradicts his commentary in Exodus, where he brought these self-same verses as examples of quandary. And again in Isaiah, Rashi explains ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึผ as an expression of quandary, while bringing support from ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช and ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื.[20] Clearly, Rashi's true intent in explaining these verses requires further study.
In Ibn Ezra's commentary to the verse from Ex. 14:3, they are (ื ึฐืืึผืึดืื) in the land, he differs with Rashiโs view[21] that ื ึฐืืึผืึดืื is similar in meaning to ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื, with both of them used in the sense of being entrapped, or closed off. Rather, he sees them as derived from two entirely separate roots. The term ื ึฐืืึผืึดืื is from the root ืืื, and means perplexed โlike a man who cannot find a solution and does not know what to doโ[22] (with the "nun" at the beginning merely added due to the passive form of usage [ื ืคืขื]).[23] By contrast, ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื is a derivative of the three-letter root ื ืื, and means the depths of (or, the waves of)[24] the seas - which certainly does not apply to the desert wilderness.[25]
In explaining Rashi's view, the commentators clarify that this is an instance par excellence of a dispute between the French and Spanish Sages regarding how to assess the roots of words. For example, Mizrachi, commenting on Rashi comparing ื ึฐืืึผืึดืื to ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื, writes:[26] โThe correct [understanding]... is that the Rabbi [Rashi] was of the opinion that the words ื ึฐืืึผืึดืื, ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื, ืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื, and ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช, are all derived from the two-letter root (i.e., ืื). For he was one of the French Sages, who argued that all roots in which the second or third letter do not appear at times are in fact two-letter roots.โ[27]
However, we must still explain Rashiโs view concerning the words containing the two-letter root ืื, which he at times interpreted as expressions of weeping, and in other places as quandary, as shown above.
Haketav Vehakabbalah compares ืืืืื (from root ืืื, according to the "Spaniards") to ืืืื (from root ืืื, according to the same) in his comments to the words ืึทืึผึดืืึฐึผืึผ ืึนืชืึน - and they bewailed him (Gen. 50:3). He writes: โThe verb [form of] ืึผึถืึดื [namely ืืืื] is derived from the root ืื according to Rโ Shlomo Pappenheim,[28] indicating confusion and deliriumโฆ[29] Crying is the revelation of the confusion in one's heart and its outward expression, in the form of wailing and tears.โ[30]
Perhaps some support can be found for Haketav Vehakabbalahโs view in the Jerusalem Talmud[31] (Taanit 2:1):[32] โRโ Berachiah decreed thirteen fast days [as days of penitence and prayer for rain and an end to a drought], but no rain descended. At the end [of the fast days], locusts came. On the day that you awaited, your punishment cameโฆ (Micah 7:4).[33] The people cried out: โThe day on which we expected rain has brought us locusts instead!โ โฆnow shall be [34]!ืืืึผืึธืชึธื Meanwhile, the people cried and cried until the rain began to fall.โ[35] In this context, the word ืืืึผืึธืชึธื is understood as: their weeping.[36]
As we noted, the author of Haketav Vehakabbalah saw the notions of quandary and confusion as common to both ืืืืื and ืืืื, since a quandary ultimately leads to a feeling of helplessness. By contrast, Rashi, in his commentary on Ex. 14:3, when comparing ื ึฐืืึผืึดืื with the words ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื, ืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื, and ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช, expands his explanation of these words in a way that anticipates and addresses the objection of Ibn Ezra (who holds that ื ึฐืืึผืึดืื and ื ึดืึฐืึตื derive from different roots). By using the terms โimprisoned and sunk inโ to describe the underlying meaning of both verses, Rashi employs concepts that on an abstract level relate both to the sea and the wilderness, since it is possible to experience a feeling of imprisonment and sinking in every difficult situation whose solution is not straightforward. Additional terms used by Rashi in interpreting various expressions of ืืืืื are: closure (e.g., Isa. 9:16; Joel 1:18; Job 38:16)[37] and turbulence / swirling (Joel 1:18; Micah 7:4).
It is based on the above definitions that Rashi also defined the root ืืื. In his comments to the verse: and they will be overcome [ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึผ] by the intensity of the smoke (Isa. 9:16), Rashi writes: "They will be bewildered and enclosed by the heavy smoke of the conflagration. ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึผ - For every expression of [the form] ื ืื, the root of the word is ืื alone, as in ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช (Job 28:11), and ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื (Ps. 84:7)."[38]
Avnei Shayish (entry ืืื) suggests additional roots that derive from ืื (namely ืกืื and ืจืื),[39] thus the complete list of derivatives would be: ืืื, ื ืื, ืกืื and ืจืื. The fundamental meaning that links all these terms according to Avnei Shayish is: grasping / attachment. Their different opening letters merely signify differences between their secondary concepts:
1. ืืื: ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึผ ืึผึตืืึผืช ืขึธืฉืึธื (Isa. 9:16), meaning: the smoke clouds were connected.[40]
2. ื ืื: ื ึฐืึปืึดืื ืึตื ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ (Ex. 14:3), meaning: they are caught without an ability to exit.
4. ืจืื: ืึปืจึฐืึผึถืึถืช ืชึผึฐืึดืืึถื ึผึธื (Lev. 6:14), meaning: stuck through frying.
In listing ืึปืจึฐืึผึถืึถืช among this group of words meaning attached, Avnei Shayish is referring to the consolidation of the dough. Tosefet Brachah (to Lev. 6:14) suggests that the word ืึปืจึฐืึผึถืึถืช denotes stirring and mixing (as per the aforementioned view of Rโ Pappenheim cited in Haketav Vehakabbalah). He offers support from the Pesikta,[43] which equate ืืจืืืช and ืื ืืืช (due to the phonetically related letters ืืื "ืจ), with ืื ืืืช derived from the root ื ืื, as in ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื (Job 38:16). The word ืื ืืืช (and ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื) according to this view would thus denote areas of turbulence / rapids / whirlpools where the waters are โmixedโ and โstirred.โ[44]
In summary, there are two overarching explanations regarding the link between all the words containing the two-letter string ืื: A) confusion, bewilderment and disorientation. B) closure, imprisonment, grabbing, and attachment. However, it seems obvious that these two explanations are not necessarily contradictory, since a confused person is one who feels that he is being held back from advancing and making progress; he is stuck in his place. Similarly, we can explain the link in reverse manner, for one who is stuck in a cul-de-sac is liable to reach a situation of confusion and quandary, which can ultimately lead to feelings of depression and aggravation that are expressed with weeping and tears.
However, in contrast to the common meaning of the term ืืื (i.e., weeping due to internal bewilderment and aggravation) elsewhere in Scripture, the appearance of the root in this weekly portion actually implies a feeling of release from pain. At long last, Joseph found relief from his pain and reconciled with his brothers. Thus, the ืืืื in our verse is a weeping of joy and renewal.
May it be the will of God that all our weeping shall be weeping out of joy [ืืืืืช ืฉื ืฉืืื] , and that God shall hear our prayers and open up the Heavenly Gates of Tears [ืฉืขืจื ืืืขืืช]- and send us the true redeemer, tom unstick us from the mud [ืจืคืฉ ืืืจืืื] speedily in our times. Amen.
[1] ืืืื ืื:ืื; ืจืฉื"ื (ืฉืืืช ืื:ื) - ื ืืืืื - ืกืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืคื ืืื. ืืืืช' ืืืืช ืขื ื ืืื ืื, ืืืื ื ืืจืืช. [2] ืืืื ืื:ืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ื ืืื ืื - ืืกืืจื ืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ (ืฉืืืช ืื). [3] ืชืืืื ืคื:ื; ืจืฉ"ื (ืืฉืข' ื:ืื) - ืืืชืืืื ืืืืช ืขืฉื - ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืกืืืจืื... ืื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืชืืื ืืื ืื, ืืื: ืืืื ื ืืจืืช (ืืืื ืื), ืขืืง ืืืื (ืชืืืื ืคื)... [4] ืืืื ื:ืื; ืืฆ"ืฆ - ื ืืื - ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ (ืฉืืืช ืื). [5] ืืกืชืจ ื:ืื; ืื"ืข - ื ืืืื - ืืืืจืช ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืืืข ืื ืืขืฉื. [6] ืืืื ื:ื; ืืฆ"ืฆ - ืืืืืชื - ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืืขืช ืืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ (ืฉืืืช ืื). [7] ืืฉ' ื:ืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืืืชืืืื ืืืืช - ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืื' ืขืฉื ืืชืืขืจื, ืืืชืืืื ืื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืช (ืืืื ืื) ืขืืง ืืืื (ืชื' ืคื) ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืคืจืงืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื' ืืืงืื ื ' ืืื ื' ืฉื ืืืืช ืืจื (ืื' ืื) ืื' ืฉื ืืืืืชื ืืืื ืืื (ืืืื ืื). [8] ืืจืืืื ืื:ืื; ืจื"ืง - ืืื ืชืืจืืจืื - ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืจืืช ืื ืขื ืืจื ืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ื ืคืฉ. [9] ืฉ"ื ื:ื; ืืืื"ื - ืืืื ืชืืื - ืืฉืขืจื ืืืขื ืื ื ื ืขืื ืืขืืื. [10] ืืจ' ืื:ืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื - ืืฆืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืฆืจืชื ืฉื ืืขืงื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืฉืืื ืื. [11] ืืฉืขืืื ื:ืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืืื ืื ืชืืื - ืื ืชืฆืืจื ืืืงืฉ ืืงืฉ' ืืืช ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืขืงื ืขื ื. [12] ืฉืืืช ื:ืื - ืึทืึผึทืจึฐื ืึธืขึธื ืึทืึผึธื ึปืขืึผ ืึทืึผึทืขึทืึฐืืึผ ืึตืจึธืึนืง; ืืืืืชื ืืจืฉื"ื ื:ืื - ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืขื ืืื ืืืจืืฃ; ืื ืืื ืืืืจ: ื ืึนืขึท ืชึผึธื ืึผืขึท ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึผึทืฉึผืึดืึผืึนืจ (ืืฉืข' ืื:ื). ืืืืืจ: ืึทืึผึธื ึทืข ืึฐืึธืืึน ืึผืึฐืึทื ืขึทืึผืึน ืึผึฐื ืึนืขึท ืขึฒืฆึตื ืึทืขึทืจ ืึดืคึผึฐื ึตื ืจืึผืึท (ืืฉืข' ื:ื). [13] ืืืขื ืืืืจืฉ ืคืืจืฉ ืืช ืืืื "ื ืืืืื" ืืืฉืื ืขืืจืืื ืืืืจืืฃ: ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืื:ื - ื ืืืืื - ื ืืืื ืื ืชืืืื. "ื ืืืื": [ืืืชืืืช] ื', ื' ืฉืชืืื ืืกืื ืืชืืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืจืืื ืืืืจืืฃ. ืืืฆืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืื"ื ืืืงืฉืจ ืชืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื, ืืืืืืช: ืืฉืข' ื:ื - ืึทืึผึธื ึทืข ืึฐืึธืืึน; ืจื"ืง - ืืื ืข ืืืื - ืคืืื ืืื. ืจืื"ื (ืขืจื 'ืจืื' [ืืข"ืฉ ืื ืืขืจื 'ืจืขืฉ']) - ืืืจืืื ืืจืฅ ืืืงืืื (ืืืื ื:ื) ืืื ืืื ืืจืขืื ืืื ืขื ืืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืืืขืก ืืืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืชื. [14] ืขื ืคื ืืจืฉืชื ื"ื: ืขืืจืืืื ืื. - ืืื ืืืชืื ืขืืจื ืืขืืง ืืืื... ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืขืืช ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืฉืืชืื. [15] ืจืฉ"ื ืชื' ืคื:ื - ืขึนืึฐืจึตื ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื - ืืืชื ืืขืืืจืื ืขื ืืชื ืืื ื ืืขืืืงื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืจืื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืคืืจืฉืื ืืืฉืื "ืืืืื", ืฉืคืืจืืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืฉื ืืืื: ืจื"ืง ืชื' ืคื:ื - ืขืืืจื ืืขืืง ืืืื... ืคืืจืืฉ ืขืืง ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืึผึฐืึธืึดืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืงืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืชึผืึผืชึดืื... ืืฆ"ื - ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื (ืฉ"ื ื). ืืืื"ื - ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช. ืืฆ"ืฆ ืื"ื ืื:ืื - ืืืืืื - ืื ืืืื ื ืชืืชืื ืืื ืขืืืจื ืืขืืง ืืืื (ืชื' ืคื). ืืข"ืฉ ืืจื"ืง ืืขืื ื' ืคืืจืืฉืื. [16] ืจืฉ"ื ืืืื ืื:ืื - ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช ืึดืึผึตืฉื - ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืืชืื ืื. "ืืื" ืืื: ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื (ืืืื ืื). ืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืช: ืงืืืช ื:ื - ืืึผึดืึฐืขึทืช ืึธืขึฒืฉืึปืงึดืื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืืืืื... ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ: ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื (ืชื' ืคื:ื). [17] ืจืื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืคืืจืฉืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื, ืืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืืช ืื ืขืืืง ืืืื: ืื"ืข ืืืื ืื:ืื - ืืคืืจืืฉ ืึดืึผึฐืึดื - ืืจืืฅ ืืืืืื ื ืืื ืื; ืจืื"ื - ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ืืจืืช - ืืืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืชื; ืืฆ"ืฆ - ืึดืึผึฐืึดื - ืขื ืื ืขืืืง ืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื (ืืืื ืื). ืืื ื ืจืง ืจืฉ"ื ืคืืจืฉื ืืฉื ืคืืขื "ืืื". [18] ืืืื ืื:ืื - ืึฒืึธืืชึธ ืขึทื ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื; ืจืฉ"ื - ื ืืื ืื - ืืกืืจื ืื, ืืื: ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ (ืฉืืืช ืื). [19] ืฉื' ืื:ื - ื ึฐืึปืึดืื ืึตื ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืกึธืึทืจ ืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืึทืึผึดืึฐืึผึธืจ; ืจืฉ"ื - ื ืืืื ืื - ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืงืขืื ืืืืขื ืฉืืจื"ืฅ [ืืืืฆืื], ืืื: ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื (ืชื' ืคื:ื), ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช (ืืืื ืื:ืื), ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื (ืืืื ืื:ืื). ื ึฐืึปืึดืื ืึตื: ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ, ืฉืืื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฆืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืื. [20] ืจืฉ"ื ืืฉืข' ื:ืื - ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึผ - ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืกืืืจืื... ืืื: ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช (ืืืื ืื:ืื), ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื (ืชื' ืคื:ื). [21] ืืืืืื ืจ' ืืืืืจ ืื ืืช ืจืฉื"ื: ืจ"ื ืืืืืจ - ืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืกืื ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืื ืืื; ืจืฉ"ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืื ืื, ืืจืฉื"ื ืืืืจ ืกืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืคื ืืื, ืืืจื ืข"ื ืืค"ื ืืชืืืคืื ืืื ื ืื ืืื ื ืื. [22] ืฉื' ืื:ื - ื ึฐืึปืึดืื ืึตื ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ; ืื"ืข - ื ืืืืื... ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืขืฆื ืืื ืืืข ืื ืืขืฉื. ืื ื"ื ืขึทื ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื (ืืืื ืื:ืื) ืฉืจืฉ, ืืคืืจืืฉื ืืขืืงื ืื, ืืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืงืื ืืื. [23] ืืืจ ืืฆืืง ืขื ืคืืจืืฉ ืจืื"ืข. [24] ืืคื ืฉืค' ืจืื"ืข ืืืงืื: ืืืื ืื:ืื - ืึฒืึธืืชึธ ืขึทื ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื; ืื"ืข - ื ืืื - ืืื ืืื ืื... ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืช. [25] ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืฉื ืฉื' ืื:ื. [26] ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืืื. [27]ืืืจืื ืฉื' ืื:ื - [ื ืืืื] ืืื: "ื ืืื ืื" (ืืืื ืื:ืื)... ืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืืจื ื"ื ืืื ืกืืืจ ืฉืืืช "ื ืืืืื" ื"ื ืืื ืื" ื"ืขืืง ืืืื" ื"ืืืื ื ืืจืืช" ืืื ืืืฉื ืืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืจืคืช ืืืืืจืื ืฉืขึทืืึผืื ืืขื"ื ืืขึทืืึผืื ืืื"ื ืืื ืืขืื ืฉืชื ืืืชืืืช - ืืืืืจ, ืกืืืช ืืื' ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืกืคืจื / ืฆืจืคืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉ"ื' ืืคืขื" ืืฉืจืฉ ืืื, ืืื "ืข' ืืคืขื" ื'ืืื' ืื ืืืืชืืืช ืืืื ืชื"ื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืกืืจืืืื ("ื ืืื", "ืืืื"), ืืืฆืจืคืชืืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืชืืืช ืืืกืื ืืฉืจืฉ, ืืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืฉืชื ืืืชืืืช ืืงืืืขืืช - ืื ืืื ืืืืชืืืช ืืืื ืชื"ื. [28] ืืืื ื ืจ' ืฉืืื ืคืคื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืง ืฉืืื: ื"ืฉ (ืขืจื 'ืื', ืืฃ ืื:) - ืขืื ืืืืจืช 'ืื' - ืคืขื 'ืืื', ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื - ืืืื ื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืืฅ ืข"ื ืืจืืช ืงืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืขืืช. [29] ืืื: ืึผืึฐืืึผืกึธื ืึผืึฐืืึผืึธื (ืืฉืขืื ืื:ื), ืขึทืชึผึธื ืชึดืึฐืึถื ืึฐืืึผืึธืชึธื (ืืืื ื:ื). [30] ืืืื"ืง ืืจืืฉืืช ื :ื - ืึทืึผึดืึฐืึผืึผ ืึนืชืึน - ืคืขื ืืื ืืื ืืจืฉ"ืค ืืืืจืช ืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืจื ืขื ืืืจ ืืืืจืฃ ืืืืืืื, ืืื: ืึผืึฐืืึผืกึธื ืึผืึฐืืึผืึธื (ืืฉืขืื ืื:ื), ืขึทืชึผึธื ืชึดืึฐืึถื ืึฐืืึผืึธืชึธื (ืืืื ื:ื), ืืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืืฅ ืข"ื ืืจืืช ืงืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืขืืช. ืืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื"ืง ืืช ื' ืืืจืืืช 'ืืื' ืื' ืืืจืืืช 'ืืืข' - ืื ืขืืงืจ ืืืื ื ืืืขืช ืื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื: ืืืื"ืง ืฉื' ืื:ืื - ืื"ื ืื ืืืช ืืืืขื ืืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ื ืืื... ืืฉื ืืืืืข ืืื ื... ืขื ืืชืืืื... ืฉื ืชืขืจื ืืชืืื ืชืจืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจ... ืืื ืฉื ืืืืข ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉื ื, ืืกืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืืจื, ืืืื ืฉื ืืืข ืืฉืจ ืืื ื ืขื ืืืคืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืจืจืื ืื ืืืืื... ืืื ื ืืื ืขืืงืจ ืืืกืื ืืืจืืชื ืื ืืืื... ืจืง ืชืืฆืืช ืืืจืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืขืื ืข"ื ืืคืืช ืืืืช ืืื, ืืื ืฉืฉืืจืฉ ืืื ื"ื ืืื ื ืขื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื... ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื... ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืชืจืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืื, ืืงืจืืืื ืืืืืข. [31] ืืชืจืืื ืืืืกืก ืขื ืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืจ' ืืืืฉืข ืืื. [32] ืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืชืขื ืืช ืื,ื. [33]ืืคืกืืง ืืืื ืืื: ืืึนืึธื ืึผึฐืึตืึถืง ืึธืฉืึธืจ ืึดืึผึฐืกืึผืึธื ืืึนื ืึฐืฆึทืคึผึถืืึธ ืคึผึฐืงึปืึผึธืชึฐืึธ ืึธืึธื ืขึทืชึผึธื ืชึดืึฐืึถื ืึฐืืึผืึธืชึธื. [34] ืื ืื ืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฆืื, ืืืื: ืืืื ื:ืื - ืฉืึปืืึผ ืขึธืึทื ืึผึฐืึธื ืึฐืึทืึฐืึถื ืึผืึฐืฆืึนื ืึผืึดืึฐืึดื ืึผืึฐืึดืกึฐืคึผึตื. [35] ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืจ -ืืื ืื ืื ืืื- ืืืืช ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืขืืชืืื, ืืืืืืืชื ืืฆืื ื ืืืงืจื: ืืจ' ืื:ื - ืึผึดืึฐืึดื... ืืึนืึดืืึตื ืึถื ื ึทืึฒืึตื ืึทืึดื; ืจืฉ"ื - ืืืื ืืืื - ืข"ื ืชืคืื ืืชืฉืืื. [36] ืืจืืฉืืื ืชืขื ืืช ื:ื - ืจ' ืืจืืื ืขืื ืชืืช ืขืฉืจื ืชืขื ืืื [ืขืฉื ื"ื ืชืขื ืืืช ืขื ืขืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื] ืืื ื ืืช ืืืืจื [ืืื ืืจื ืืฉื] ืืืกืืคื ืืชื ืืืืื [ืืืกืืฃ ืืชืขื ืืช ืืืืจืื ื ืื ืืจืื]... ืืึนื ืึฐืฆึทืคึผึถืืึธ ืคึผึฐืงึปืึผึธืชึฐืึธ ืึธืึธื (ืืืื ื:ื) [ืืืจ ืืขื] ืืื ืฉืฆืืคืื ื ืืจืืืื, ืื ืขืืื ื ืืืืื [ืืจืื]! ืขึทืชึผึธื ืชึดืึฐืึถื ืึฐืืึผืึธืชึธื (ืฉื). ืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืจื [ืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืืฉื (ืคืืจืฉ "ืึฐืืึผืึธืชึธื" ืืฉืื ืืืืื)]. ืคืืจืืฉ "ืืืืชื" ืืืขื ืืขืื ืืขืงื: ืชึดืึฐืึถื ืึฐืืึผืึธืชึธื ...ืืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื, ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืืืชื ืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืื. [37] ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืขืฆืื: ืฉื' ืื:ื - ื ึฐืึปืึดืื ืึตื ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืกึธืึทืจ ืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืึทืึผึดืึฐืึผึธืจ. [38] ืจืฉ"ื ืืฉืข' ื:ืื - ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึผ ืึผึตืืึผืช ืขึธืฉืึธื - ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืง ืขืฉื ืืชืืขืจื. ืืืชืืืื - ืื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืชืืื ืืื ืื, ืืื: ืึดืึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืึธืจืึนืช (ืืืื ืื:ืื), ืึผึฐืขึตืึถืง ืึทืึผึธืึธื (ืชื' ืคื:ื). [39]ืืืื ืืืื "ืืืื ื", ืื"ื (ืฉืืช ืขื:) ืืกืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืชืจืืงืื, ืืืืื ื, "ืืื ืืืื ื". ืืืืื ืืฉืจืฉ 'ืืืจ', ืขื' ืืืง"ืฉ ืชืืืื ืจืื ืชืชืกื ืืชื ืืืื (ืืืืจ) ืชืืืืืช ื', ืฉื ืืงืฉืจืื ืฉืจืฉ ืื ืืืื "ืืจืื" ืืืืืฃ ืืืงืื ืืืชืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืืฉ / ืืฉื, ืฉืืื / ืฉืืื. [40] ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื"ื, ืขื ืื ื ืืืืื ืกืืจ: ืืืื"ื ืืฉืข' ื:ืื - ืืืชืืืื. ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืกืืจ ืืขืฉื. [41] ืืืฆืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืื "ืฉืืืื" ืืชืจืืืื ืฉื "ื ืื" (ืฉื' ืื:ืื) ืืฉื "ืืฆืขืื" (ืื' ืื:ื ). ืค' ืืขืจืื ืฉืืืื ืงืจืืื ื"ืกืืืื", ืืืืืจ, ืชืืฉืื / ืกืืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฃ (ืืืืขื "ืื" ืืืฉืื "ืืืืื" ืฉืืกืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืื). ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื "ืฉืืื" (ืืืื ืืื ืื) ืืืฉืื ื ื"ื, ืืขืจืื ืืื ื ืืจืื ืืืงืืจื. [42] ืื ืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืฆ"ืฆ ืืื ืืงืื: ืืฆ"ืฆ ืืจ' ื:ื - ืึดืกึผึปืึผึฐืืึน - ืขื ืื ื ืขื ืคืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื; ืืฆ"ืฆ ื ืืื ื:ื - ืกืืืืื - ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืขื; ืืฆ"ืฆ ืืฉืข' ื:ืื - ืกึดืึฐืึตื - ืขื ืื ืืชืืืืืช. ืื ืฉืจืฉ 'ืฉืื' ืืืจื ืขื ืงืืืขื ืืืจืืื, ืืงืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื: ื"ื ื:ืื - ืฉืึฐืึธืึดืื ืึทืขึฒืฉืึตื ืฉืึฐืึธืึธื; ืืฆ"ื - ืฉืืืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืืื - ืฆืืืจื ืขื ืคืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืืจ ืืงืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืจืฉืจืืช. ืืจืื ืจื"ืง, ืขืจืืื 'ืกืื' ื'ืฉืื', ืฉืงืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. [43] ืคืกืืงืชื ืืื' ืืืง' ื:ืื - ืืืจืืืช. ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืืช ืืจืืชืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืื ืจืืชืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืชืจืืื. ืื"ื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืื ื ืืืืื - ืืืื ืฉืื ืจืืชืืื ืื ื ืืืื; ื ' [ืืจ'] ืืฉืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืจืืฆืจ [ื ืืืืื ืฆืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื ืืืืืจืฆืจ]. [44] ืชืืกืคืช ืืจืื (ืืืงืจื ื:ืื) - ืืคืกืืงืชื ืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืช. ืืืืจื ืืจืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช, ื ' ืชืืช ืจ' [ืืืืชืืืช ืืื "ืจ] ืืืกืืื ืืฉืจืฉ 'ื ืื', ืืื: ืึฒืึธืืชึธ ืขึทื ื ึดืึฐืึตื ืึธื (ืืืื ืื:ืื).